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Below is my compilation of various history books, census forms, Canadian and British, Birth & Death Records, UK and Saskatchewan, Cemetery Records of Rosemary Mack, Canadian Archives material, and various family histories, from many books, plus my Mom's old scrapbooks, with Estevan Mercury articles, pictures, Leader Post articles and pictures.   I do not take credit for any of this material, other than the compiling of it here.  Being old history, most over 100 years,  I doubt if it is copyright any more, but if any of the info below is copyright, and you want to see it removed, please feel free to contact me.  But I hope for the sake of preserving history, this will not happen.  I am not selling this info, I am not profiting in any way on publishing it here.  I am only trying to show all this information in one place, it took me many hours to accumulate the story for printing here.  I hope you all enjoy it.  It is as accurate as I can get it at the moment.  I am sure like everything else I do, there is errors.  I am not perfect.  If there is an error, please let me know, and I will recheck my info, and we will sort it all out.  I've seen lots of so called well researched books, and have found many errors in them, so I may or may not be wrong.  I've noticed the family histories are the most prone for errors.  Usually written by a granddaughter or grandson, the dates and info passed on, can be fuzzy at best.  I do appreciate their effort to document their family, as an amateur genealogist, I know what it's like.  We all try our best.  If I was paid for this, I would travel the world, to gather the documents, but for free, this is what you get.  I have found some new newspaper clippings, which have revised the order and dates quite a bit, on the mines and work in this area.  I have added new pages, with links from this page or the town index pages.  Coal Mine History in SE Saskatchewan First to see the coal in this area, would have been the Natives in the area.  I don't know if there is any written record of them using the coal though.  Assiniboine, Chipewans, Sioux, and Cree, all were here, as early as the 1700's. Geological terms, this area is part of the Paleocene Ravenscrag formation. Prior to coal being reported in the area, the First White Men had a few expeditions into this area. Two Sons of Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye(1685-1749) or Pierre La Verendrye (Sr.) for short, in 1742, were at least close to this area, on their way west in search of a western sea, or river that flowed west..   They named the Souris River, the St. Pierre river, after their father.   Earlier in 1731, La Vérendrye left Montreal with three of his four sons, Jean-Baptiste, Pierre, and François, and made it as far as Winnipeg,  before turning south to the Missouri river.  In 1742 Pierre La Verendrye (Jr.) and one of his other brothers, came exploring and possibly came into this area.  Again nothing documented that I know of. Rock engravings at Roche Percee show early dates of 1773, to 1810. Possibly Hudson Bay Company fur traders who came through the area.  Again not much recorded, in the way of coal deposits. The Lewis and Clark expedition, in 1804 was exploring along the Missouri and its tributaries when some of their party went north to see the Roche Percee rock formations.  No record of finding coal was reported in their records.  No doubt the sand outcropping drew them there.   All of these early explorers used Native Indians as guides, as well as talking with them, they learned of various things, that were important to them, such as Roche Percee.  The Lewis and Clark trail passes Roche Percée Natural Arch, seen by Lewis and Clark on June 6, 1804. Mr. Daniel Corbett corrected me on the above comment, Aug 8, 2016- "Their actual journal states"- "they actually visited a place called Roche Percee in Boone County, Missouri. Also, by June of 1804 the Lewis and Clark expedition was still in Missouri which is over a thousand kilometres from Roche Percee in Saskatchewan. Therefore it would have been impossible"  Now we know the comment above was wrong for sure, thanks Daniel for correcting that for me. The Native Indian legend below, written about here in 1906, says a century earlier this story happened, so it seems ca 1806, the coal was seen by this lone fur trapper.  Are those his initials scratched on the walls of the stone described above?  Too bad there is no name here.  Wonder what happened to the carving? In 1849 Captain John Palliser was near this area, but not known if he actually made it to see the coal deposits.   It is speculated he did, and the reason he returned in 1857. The first "official" written record of the coal deposits came in 1853.  Four United States Railroad surveyors were mapping a route to the Pacific for a railroad from the Mississippi river, and discovered lignite coal in 1853 along the Souris Valley.   There was nothing done then about the discovery, and their writings. In 1857 the Palliser Expedition was sent out by the Canadian Government to explore that portion of British North America.  They had heard of the Sandstone structure at Roche Percee, and went 60-70 miles southward from Fort Ellice to see it for themselves.  They reached the Souris Valley on August 21, 1857,  a short distance east of Roche Percee.  a Doctor James Hector (Naturalist)  and Captain John Palliser were involved.  On the sides of the valley, a thin seam of lignite coal was exposed.  It was written about, but nothing was ever done. The Boundary Commission went through this area just before the NWMP. Excerpt from Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Volume 0022, Issue 129 (published February 1861) Chapter Title: Red River And Beyond, Page 309, Author: Marble, Manton states this: "We had been repeatedly informed by half-breeds (Metis) of the existence of coal or lignite in strata in the banks of Mouse (Souris) River, and Saskatchewan. Governor McTavish showed us pieces of lignite from that river- the first that we had seen- and confirmed the fact of its existence on the upper waters of the Mouse (Souris) River.  He added that it was used habitually during the winter at Fort Pitt, and a retired chief factor, whom we afterward visited, told us that at his former station, at the Carlton House, it had supplied their blacksmith's forge." Chief Factor of Fort Garry, and Governor of the Colony of Assiniboia, appointed in 1858, was William McTavish, Scotch birth or descent, per this book.  He came to the Bay in 1833, becoming Chief factor at York Factory at one point. He moved to Red River from York factory in 1857. b-1815 in Edinburgh Scotland, died July 1870, in Liverpool England of TB.  Manton Marble (1834-1917) was a New York journalist. He was the proprietor and editor of the New York World from 1860 to 1876. In 1859, he went to the Red River Valley as The Evening Post's correspondent, contributed 3 articles to Harper's magazine, one of which is above.     On July 24, 1874, the North-West Mounted Police, on their march west,  camped at Short Creek, and burned Lignite coal in their campfires, and forges. Still nothing was done about these discoveries and records. Lots written about the coal, but still no real mines.  Major James Morrow Walsh was in charge of D troop, and he later returned to the area, setting up the Dominion Coal Company, the first Big Company Coal Mine at Estevan.      Dr. George Mercer Dawson in a 1875 published report commented on the rocks at Roche Percee.  He said "they owe their curious forms to the weathering away of soft sand from the bed of hard rocks, which is rendered durable by an abundant calcareous cement." Dr. G. M. Dawson was born Aug 1, 1849, in Pictou, NS.  In 1873 he was appointed geologist and botanist to her Majesty's North American Boundary Commission. He mapped the Tertiary Lignite Coal which was originally noted by James Hector during the Palliser Survey of the 1850s.  Dr. Dawson died Mar. 2, 1901, after becoming sick in his Ottawa office 2 days earlier.  He was the son of Sir John William Dawson. He attended the Royal School of mines in London for his training. Sept 28, 1876 Here we see in writing that the coal in the area was well known. Nov 27, 1879 Mr. G. S. McKay reports on the coal at Roche Percee Township 1, range 40?, west He was a bit off on the range? Seems like a few buffalo still around at that time. Haven't been able to pin down this fellow's history Mr. Hugh McKay Sutherland,  President of the Winnipeg and Hudson Bay Railway and Steamship Company, from Winnipeg, came west, with several men  to see what all the excitement was about for himself.  He actually started to ship coal to Winnipeg in the Spring of 1880, barging the coal to Winnipeg.  Read Hugh McKay Sutherland's story here. Jan 27, 1880 The Murdock Party left Winnipeg to explore the route for the proposed Government Railway to the Souris Coalfields Actually left with Dog Trains on this day. Haven't been able to find more info on this Murdock May 27, 1880 Thursday Morning, June 10, 1880, Victoria Daily Colonist printed the story: Prof. Selwyn of the Geological Survey, has arrived at Winnipeg en route to study the geological formation of the Souris Coal Field Aug 28, 1880 Now we see some serious drilling being done. Mr. William Henry McGarvey  was hired by the Dominion Government, and did testing 10 miles east of Roche Percee. They drilled to 362 feet, and struck a seam of coal 6 1/2 feet thick. which they claimed was better quality than at Sutherland's mine, upstream at the sandstone outcropping. see my Coal Mines in the Area page for Mr. McGarvey's bio Shortly after this he became probably the world's richest man. Sept 22, 1880 Hugh Sutherland's Company The Souris Coal and Fuel Company was the big player in the game. Dec 10, 1880 1881, First Coal brought to Winnipeg by Hugh Sutherland Mar 13, 1882 Government Report Minister of the Interior on Roche Percee Souris Coal discussed Report is actually for year ending June 20, 1881 The June 1882 discovery, is the story of the two Pocock brothers,  who came to the Souris (Mouse, St. Pierre) River to shoot non-existent buffalo. Coming from England, they were told buffalo were everywhere on the plains.  During their "hunt", they encountered some of the main coal seams. I've added my complete revised Pocock Brothers Story here. The big problem, even though they all knew the coal was here, was the way to get it out.  Wagons were used locally, but not good enough for major mines.  River was not high enough at all times, so water transport was ruled out by Mr. Hugh Sutherland's attempt.  that left the railroad, and until the Manitoba South-Western Railroad extended to here, nothing was to happen, other than local farmer sales.  When this railroad was sold to the CPR, the extension was made, and the rest is history.  Now they had a relatively cheap way to transport the coal to Winnipeg, and points east.  Strange as it sounds, but most of this early coal for years went east, virtually none was used in Saskatchewan.  Regina being closer, did not get a lump of this coal.  Seems strange to me, how about you.  these mines were controlled from Brandon and Winnipeg, and that is where the coal went.  Oct 22, 1883 Souris River Coal District is outlined. May 19, 1889 It was reported that the Canadian Pacific Railway Company has agreed with the Canadian Government to build a branch line from Brandon southwest 100 miles to the Souris coal district, and also an extension of twenty-five miles from the present terminus of the  Manitoba and Southwestern Railway  to a junction with the projected Souris branch. The company gets the usual grant of 6,400 acres to the mile. Sept 29, 1891 Major Walsh announced the Souris Coal Mines will be producing Coal shortly The first Real Productive "Commercial" Coal Mine in this area was east of Roche Percee in 1891.  Shafts as deep as 90 feet down were dug in that area.   The Hassard Mine was its name, was owned by Hugh Hassard. I created the separate web page for this mine, as it is so important to the history of the area.   Read about the Hassard Mine here. His mine was later to become the Souris Valley Coal Co. mine in 1895,  with a 8ft coal seam.  Located on SE 1/4 of Sec 4. tp2, Range 6, W2nd, east of Roche Percee.     An article I have states there was 2 mines, the Hassard mine, down below the old stone house, and Daddy Gow's mine, 1 and 1/2 miles east of that.  The author says both of these mines were working in 1890-1891.  Alex Dunbar was a miner in the Gow mine.  This article also states the first crossing was a bridge 1/4 mile east of the present Taylorton bridge.  it was built they claim in 1892.  This would have been the bridge that washed away in 1904, from another book.  It was built while the Soo line trestle just south of there was being built.  The Price Mine is also mentioned next to the Hassard mine. The Bio for Mr. Hiiliard Edwin Price is on my Coal Mines in the Area page Souris Valley Coal Mine was sold to the Taylor family of Winnipeg and renamed Western Dominion Collieries ltd.  This is the name that Taylorton comes from.   One source on the Pocock story, says it was Jim and Tom Taylorton that started a mine in 1887.  This I have not found anywhere else.                Another version said The John Taylor Family who came from Winnipeg Manitoba, but John was only one of seven sons of Richard, and he was appointed to manage the mine only.    Another of Richard's sons was R.R. Taylor Jr.   All of this info comes from a family source, Kaye Taylor, wife of Delbert G. Taylor, who is the Great-Grandson of Richard Radcliffe Taylor.   Also adding info was Rhonda, Kaye and Delbert's daughter.  I thank them all very much for this update on history.  Now we know it was named after Richard Ratcliffe Taylor Sr. 1904 Government Report by  Donaldson Bogart (Donald) Dowling,  B, Ap. Sc. (b- Nov 5,1858 in Ontario - May 26, 1925)        Deep Seam Coal Mining           A mine could not open without the proper permits.  Mine Inspectors from the government were constantly looking for mines operating without the proper paper work.  They also did safety inspections of the working mines.          First an owner or operator had to obtain mineral rights for the land.  Owning the surface land was not enough.  They had to have a pit boss that would constantly survey the area, to ensure they were mining on their own property.  He was also responsible for the safety of the mine, width of the pillars left, and properly timbered as they went deeper.          The best grade of Lignite coal in this area was about 100 feet below the surface.  They dug an entry from a hillside, on the bank of the Souris River, at a slope, or an angle, down to reach this seam.  Thickness of the seam was up to 14 feet (4.27 mtrs), but averaging 6-7 ft..  the entry was 8 ft (2.4 mtrs) wide, down to the vein, then 2 entries were driven into the vein, with 24 ft (8 yds) (7.3 mtrs) wide rooms at right angles on either side of these.  Pillars of coal, 6 ft (1.8 mtrs) wide were left between these rooms to support the roof, and then cross cuts were made for air circulation.  This form of mining was called the Conventional Room-and-Pillar Method, also known as Bord and Pillar method in England, was used in many parts of the world, prior to this area.   It is one of the oldest forms of underground mining known.  It creates a grid like pattern underground. They did not do retreat mining, as was used in some mines later on.  Bord (also spelled board) is another term for a coal roadway, or side gallery, or room,   It was probably a system invented in England.         As they dug deeper, air shafts were dug to the surface to supply air to the mine deep underground.  They used a fan at the bottom of the slope to circulate the air.    They used these fans at noon and evening after they used black powder shot to extract the coal, to evacuate the thick smoke it generated.  Some mines used children to open and close big doors in a rapid manner, to create air movement.  They used electric cutting and shearing machines later on, which made it a little safer.            All work was done by the light of the carbide lamp, worn on a cloth hat by the underground miner.  No breathing apparatus, no air quality testing stations.  No real safety equipment of any kind.        Light rails were laid, and coal was loaded into mini coal cars, then towed by horses to the bottom of the slope.  My dad's job underground was looking after horses that did this job.  The larger mines used vertical shafts to raise the coal to the surface on a hoist.  They only used the slope for the men to enter and exit the mine.  They also used electric trolleys, rather than horses to tow the cars, which were also larger than the first mines in the area. There you have it in a nut shell, the abbreviated version of how the Coal Mines were developed in SE Saskatchewan, and a very basic description of their operation method.

Types of Coal

ANTHRACITE
Highest Carbon Content- 86-98%
15,000 BTU's/LB

BITUMINOUS
45-86% Carbon Content
10,500 - 15,500 BTU's/LB

SUB-BITUMINOUS-
35-45% Carbon Content
8,300 - 13,000 BTU's/LB

LIGNITE
(Also known as Brown Coal)
This is the type of Coal in SE SASK.
25-35% Carbon Content
4,000 - 8,300 BTU's/LB

The bad side is Lignite is the lowest grade,
the good side, there seems to be lots of it here.

Saskatchewan Coalfields Map
Bienfait/Estevan are part of the Ravenscrag formation
the dotted area in map above
map courtesy Mr. Grant Walker, CA, USA

First Shovel in the area of our Farm house
located 1 mile south of Bienfait.
Picture dated Jan 27, 1953

My Dad's Story, as remembered by myself

My dad started working in the coal mines in 1931.
He was working in the coal industry
until 1977 when he retired, age 65.
His first job was hauling coal with horse and wagon,
and hand shovelling it into a Box Car at the siding in Roche Percee.
He started at the Eastern Collieries later in 1931.
He supplied a horse, and hauled coal with a dump cart for .28 cents/hour
In 1933 he started working underground,
driving and working on coal cutting and shearing machines.
In April when the tipple burnt down,
He was one of three men that filled the shaft with two wheelbarrows.
Later he worked at the Wilson #2 mine.
After that he returned to the eastern mine
 to work on rebuilding the new Tipple.
In 1958 he started to work at Utility Coals,
until he retired in 1977.

He was in charge of the horses underground ,
that were used to haul the coal-cars
from where the cutting machine was,
to where the coal was hauled up to the tipple.
He told many stories of these days,
and it is too bad VCR's and Camcorders
were not around in the 70's
to record these for future generations.

Some of the stories I remember
are the fact that the horses were taken underground
and never brought up until they died.
If they were to be brought to
the surface they would go blind, from the sunlight.
My Dad loved these horses as much as he loved us, I am sure.
 He used to tell us how the brakes would fail on the ore car
and literally run down, and over the horse,
and all the bosses would say is
"get another horse and get working" .
No down time for a crippled or dead horse!
Same would happen when a man died underground,
it was work as usual shortly afterwards.
Dad used to tell us the dead or injured man
would be brought to the surface on a grain door.
No fancy stretchers or first-aid men here.
My Dad told us he had many close calls,
and danger lurked around every corner.
The only difference was if the horse died,
there was lots of explaining to do to the boss,
as they cost money to buy.
There was 100 men around the corner to replace a dead one.
Years later on hearing of an underground explosion
and men trapped my Dad would get a tear in his eye
and I am sure a little prayer was said.
The Coal miners stick together even after coal mining!

Stories have been told,
and songs have been sung about the company store,
but looking at the pay stub below, you can see they were all true.
A miner had to buy his own carbide to light his lamp underground.
Tool rental was charged to dig the Coal for the company.
Prices were outrageous and if you didn't buy at their store your
job was in jeopardy, and also your company housing.

He would tell us the story behind the miners strike that ended up
with the RCMP killing 3 miners on Sept 29, 1931.
These miners are buried in the Bienfait cemetery,
and every so often a yellow stripe is painted
on the tombstones to show the RCMP involvement.
This same stripe gets scrubbed off every so often
by police sympathizers.

The Library in Bienfait has a very good video,
that all interested in this era should view.
I  believe it was produced by the CLC.
It has both perspectives in it.
Interviews with the Police Chief in Estevan at the time,
and also interviews with miners from that era.
It shows the living and working conditions of the miners.
The cheating on the pay. Most miners were paid by the hour,
but some I guess were paid by the Coal-car load,
(they had to load the car by hand)
and were paid by the weight of the Lignite coal they loaded.
 The person weighing the coal was management,
(or in bed with them),
and would say the weight was less than it actually was.
 Another way for the company to shaft the men.
A definite must see!
Wonder why there is Unions today?

Today you can see depressions in the ground
between Estevan and Bienfait and most of these
would be underground cave-ins from these old mines.
Just before my Dad died, he was called upon
to identify old mine locations to the authorities,
so these could be looked at. Cave-ins could be very dangerous,
and over the years people have climbed into old mines etc.
and have been buried alive.
Recently I believe some children were involved.
Today there is not many alive who know where these mines were,
so they can be checked and dismantled, to eliminate the danger.

The mines took their toll on my Dad's life, and over the years he
had an operation on his diaphragm, and also had other
breathing difficulties. It definitely shortened his life.
I feel sorry for those that endured the same fate.
Years ago, in Estevan, they started to recognize
the "old" miners of the area, and a "Lignite Louie"
was chosen each year. I hope this has continued today.

Oil became the resource in the 50's & 60's,
and Coal mining was their poor cousin.
Thank God for people like Mr Leonard Gadd, Mr Souther,
and now the Walliser family, who worked at,
and helped maintain the Little Museum in Bienfait,
devoted almost totally to this way of life.
 I am sure people who live in Estevan haven't been there.
What a shame.  Schools should be taking trips down there
to see this display.
Without the Coal the people might not have even settled there.
The farmer those days barely made a living
and without the coal mine would have barely existed.
Would the train have come to this area? I doubt it.
Would the Power Plant that feeds electricity to that area exist?, No.
I could go on and on.
We owe a huge debt to Coal and the Miners who worked with it.
As an aside to the Power plant and acid rain issue,
I remember as a kid seeing nothing but white alkali soil everywhere,
nothing would grow near any slough,
but today all sloughs are green and lush and loaded with ducks.
Some areas need a little acid to balance the PH,
and I think this is one. I am no Geologist etc. but it
does not look like it is hurting this area too much anyway.
There is so many environment issues today
that emissions are much reduced from the past.
The reclamation of the land is much improved
also so if it has to be mined, they seem to be doing it right.
We need jobs, we need power, so not much you can do.
 A hell of a lot better than nuclear in my eyes!
My dad saved some of his mining equipment
and today I have those in my possession,
and these will be handed down to my son to be passed
down to his offspring maybe some day.
I love to show this material to people
and am very proud of my dad and his involvement.
I have his carbide lamps, plus Dad's first " hard hat" that wouldn't
save too much of anything, but keep coal dust off your hair!
It is made out of a type of press wood
that you see in cheap bowls today.
   

This is a copy of my
Dad's "Miners Certificate"
from 1932

Below is the Feb 20th, 1980 article from the Estevan Mercury
showing my dad and others being honoured,
by naming them Lignite Louie's on Feb 13th, 1980.
A Proud Moment for my Dad, no doubt.

List of Honorary Lignite Louie's in 1980
Phillip George Gent, Gordon Conrad, Herbert Dronsfield, William Chodak,
Michael Gieb, Irven Soren Christenson, Werner Conrad Rheindel,
Selmer Fonstad, Samuel Dzuba, Marcus Adam Asbenlieder,
Ralph Orie Cooley, Orin Cooley, Willard Cooley, Raymond A. Vantomme,
Howard Day, Frank Sernick, Andre M. Vantomme, Chris M. Wanner,
Steve Ostepchuk, Harry B. Budd, James M. Mann, Frank Klyne,
Edward Chamney, Clarence Crumly
 

When you return to your Village, town or city pages after viewing this list,
 please pick the appropriate Index page link below, to return to that site.

Return to Bienfait Index Page
Return to Estevan Index Page
Return to Pinto Index Page
Return to Roche Percee Index Page
Return to Taylorton Index Page

Check out my compilation of
Names and Locations of Coal Mines in the area.
Coal Mines in the Area

Links below are not my sites, and may or may not work

Interested in the geology of the area?
http://earthnet-geonet.ca/vft/sask/rwe/stop6_e.php

Resource map of Sask.
http://www.ir.gov.sk.ca/resourcemap

Encyclopaedia of SK
http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/coal.html

Coal Mine Index Page